Hauv Suav teb, nws tau hu ua "qi," lub cim rau kev noj qab haus huv. Hauv tebchaws Iziv nws tau hu ua "ankh," lub cim rau txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis. Rau cov Phoenicians, cov ntaub ntawv siv tau zoo ib yam nrog Aphrodite - tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev hlub thiab kev zoo nkauj.
Cov kev vam meej thaum ub tau hais txog tooj liab, cov khoom siv uas kab lis kev cai thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau lees paub tias yog qhov tseem ceeb rau peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv rau ntau tshaj 5,000 xyoo. Thaum mob khaub thuas, kab mob xws li E. coli, superbugs zoo li MRSA, lossis txawm tias tus mob coronaviruses tsaws rau ntawm qhov chaw nyuaj, lawv tuaj yeem nyob ntev txog plaub mus rau tsib hnub. Tab sis thaum lawv tsaws rau ntawm tooj liab, thiab tooj liab alloys zoo li tooj dag, lawv pib tuag nyob rau hauv feeb thiab yog undetectable nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm.
Bill Keevil, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig ntawm University of Southampton hais tias "Peb tau pom cov kab mob tsuas yog sib cais," "Lawv tsaws ntawm tooj liab thiab nws tsuas yog degrades lawv." Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob tias hauv Is Nrias teb, tib neeg tau haus cov khob tooj liab rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States no, ib txoj kab tooj liab coj koj cov dej haus. Tooj liab yog ib yam khoom ntuj tsim, passive, antimicrobial khoom. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau nws tus kheej kom tsis muaj menyuam tsis muaj hluav taws xob lossis tshuaj dawb.
Tooj liab boomed thaum lub sij hawm Industrial Revolution ua ib yam khoom rau cov khoom, fixtures, thiab vaj tse. Tooj liab tseem siv dav hauv kev sib txuas hluav taws xob - kev lag luam tooj liab yog, qhov tseeb, loj hlob vim tias cov khoom siv zoo li tus neeg xyuas pib. Tab sis cov khoom siv tau raug thawb tawm ntawm ntau lub tsev siv los ntawm nthwv dej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Yas, tempered iav, txhuas, thiab stainless hlau yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm niaj hnub - siv rau txhua yam ntawm architecture mus rau Apple cov khoom. Cov qhov rooj tooj dag thiab cov tes tuav tau tawm ntawm cov qauv raws li cov kws tsim qauv thiab cov neeg tsim qauv xaiv rau cov khoom zoo nkauj (thiab feem ntau pheej yig dua).
Tam sim no Keevil ntseeg tias nws yog lub sijhawm coj tooj liab rov qab rau hauv cov chaw pej xeem, thiab tsev kho mob tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej uas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tag nrho ntawm kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb, peb yuav tsum siv tooj liab hauv kev kho mob, kev thauj mus los rau pej xeem, thiab txawm tias peb lub tsev. Thiab thaum nws tseem lig dhau los txhawm rau tiv thaiv COVID-19, nws tsis yog ntxov dhau los xav txog peb tus kabmob kis mus ntxiv.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tooj liab, suav
Peb yuav tsum tau pom nws tuaj, thiab qhov tseeb, ib tug neeg tau ua.
Xyoo 1983, kws tshawb fawb kho mob Phyllis J. Kuhn tau sau thawj qhov kev thuam ntawm qhov ploj ntawm tooj liab uas nws tau pom hauv tsev kho mob. Thaum lub sij hawm kev cob qhia kev tu cev ntawm Hamot Medical Center hauv Pittsburgh, cov tub ntxhais kawm swabbed ntau qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev kho mob, suav nrog lub tais tso quav thiab lub qhov rooj. Nws pom tias cov chav dej huv huv ntawm cov kab mob microbes, thaum qee qhov khoom siv tshwj xeeb yog qias neeg thiab loj hlob kab mob txaus ntshai thaum tso cai rau ntau rau ntawm agar daim hlau.
"Sleek thiab ci ntsa iab stainless hlau qhov rooj thiab cov phaj thawb saib xyuas kom huv si ntawm lub qhov rooj hauv tsev kho mob. Los ntawm qhov sib txawv, qhov rooj qhov rooj thiab lub laub daim hlau ntawm tarnished tooj dag saib qias neeg thiab paug, "nws sau thaum lub sijhawm. "Tab sis txawm tias thaum tarnished, tooj dag - ib qho hlau feem ntau ntawm 67% tooj liab thiab 33% zinc - [tua cov kab mob], thaum stainless hlau - txog 88% hlau thiab 12% chromium - tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kab mob loj hlob."
Thaum kawg, nws qhwv nws daim ntawv nrog cov lus xaus yooj yim txaus rau tag nrho cov kab ke kev noj qab haus huv ua raws. “Yog tias koj lub tsev kho mob tau kho dua tshiab, sim khaws cov khoom siv tooj dag qub lossis rov ua dua; Yog tias koj muaj cov khoom siv hlau tsis muaj steel, xyuas kom meej tias nws yog tshuaj tua kab mob txhua hnub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw kho mob tseem ceeb. "
Ntau xyoo tom qab, thiab lees paub nrog nyiaj txiag los ntawm Copper Development Association (ib pab pawg lag luam tooj liab), Keevil tau thawb Kuhn txoj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv. Ua haujlwm hauv nws lub chaw kuaj mob nrog qee cov kab mob ntshai tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nws tau pom tias tsis yog tooj liab tua cov kab mob zoo; nws kuj tua kab mob.
Hauv Keevil txoj haujlwm, nws dipped ib phaj tooj liab rau hauv cawv kom tsis muaj menyuam. Tom qab ntawd nws dips nws mus rau hauv acetone kom tshem tawm cov roj extraneous. Tom qab ntawd nws tso me ntsis ntawm cov kab mob mus rau saum npoo. Hauv lub sijhawm nws qhuav. Cov qauv zaum rau qhov twg los ntawm ob peb feeb mus rau ob peb hnub. Tom qab ntawd nws co nws nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv uas muaj iav hlaws dai thiab ib tug kua. Cov hlaws dai tawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob mus rau hauv cov kua, thiab cov kua tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas kom pom lawv muaj. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, nws tau tsim cov txheej txheem microscopy uas tso cai rau nws saib-thiab sau-ib tus kab mob raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tooj liab thaum nws tsoo saum npoo.
Cov nyhuv zoo li khawv koob, nws hais tias, tab sis ntawm qhov no, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua si yog kev nkag siab zoo txog kev tshawb fawb. Thaum tus kab mob los yog kab mob ntaus lub phaj, nws yog dej nyab nrog tooj liab ions. Cov ions nkag mus rau cov hlwb thiab cov kab mob zoo li cov mos txwv. Cov tooj liab tsis yog tua cov kab mob no xwb; nws rhuav tshem lawv, txoj cai mus rau nucleic acids, los yog kev ua me nyuam daim phiaj, sab hauv.
Keevil hais tias "Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev hloov pauv [lossis hloov pauv] vim tias tag nrho cov noob tau raug rhuav tshem," Keevil hais. "Qhov ntawd yog ib qho txiaj ntsig tiag tiag ntawm tooj liab." Hauv lwm lo lus, kev siv tooj liab tsis tuaj nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm, hais tias, tshaj tshuaj tua kab mob. Yog ib lub tswv yim zoo xwb.
Hauv kev sim hauv ntiaj teb tiag tiag, tooj liab ua pov thawj tias nws tsim nyog Sab Nraud ntawm lub chaw sim, lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau taug qab seb tooj liab puas muaj qhov sib txawv thaum siv hauv cov ntsiab lus kho mob hauv lub neej tiag tiag-uas suav nrog cov pob qhov rooj hauv tsev kho mob rau qee yam, tab sis kuj muaj qhov chaw zoo li lub txaj hauv tsev kho mob, qhua- lub rooj zaum armrests, thiab txawm tias IV stands.In 2015, cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv tau muab piv rau cov kab mob sib kis ntawm peb lub tsev kho mob, thiab pom tias thaum siv tooj liab alloys hauv peb lub tsev kho mob, nws txo qis tus kab mob los ntawm 58%. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws tau ua tiav xyoo 2016 hauv chav saib xyuas menyuam yaus, uas tau qhia txog qhov txo qis hauv kev kis tus kabmob.
Tab sis dab tsi txog kev siv nyiaj? Tooj yog ib txwm kim tshaj li yas los yog txhuas, thiab feem ntau yog ib qho pricier lwm txoj rau hlau. Tab sis muab tias cov kab mob hauv tsev kho mob tau ua rau cov kab mob kev noj qab haus huv ntau npaum li $ 45 nphom hauv ib xyoos - tsis hais txog kev tua ntau txog 90,000 tus neeg - tus nqi hloov kho tooj liab yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg los ntawm kev sib piv.
Keevil, uas tsis tau txais nyiaj los ntawm kev lag luam tooj liab, ntseeg tias lub luag haujlwm poob rau cov kws tsim qauv xaiv tooj liab hauv cov haujlwm tshiab. Tooj liab yog thawj (thiab kom deb li deb nws yog qhov kawg) antimicrobial hlau nto pom zoo los ntawm EPA. (Cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv kev lag luam nyiaj tau sim thiab tsis lees paub tias nws yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas ua rau EPA nplua.) Cov pab pawg neeg lag luam tooj liab tau sau npe ntau dua 400 tooj liab alloys nrog EPA rau hnub tim. "Peb tau pom tias tooj liab-nickel zoo ib yam li tooj dag tua cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob," nws hais. Thiab tooj liab nickel tsis tas yuav zoo li qub trumpet; nws yog indistinguishable los ntawm stainless hlau.
Raws li rau lwm lub ntiaj teb lub tsev uas tsis tau hloov kho kom tshem tawm cov qub tooj liab fixtures, Keevil muaj ib qho lus qhia: "Tsis txhob tshem lawv, txawm koj ua dab tsi. Cov no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas koj tau txais. "
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-25-2021