Hauv Suav teb, nws hu ua "qi," lub cim rau kev noj qab haus huv. Hauv Iyiv nws hu ua "ankh," lub cim rau lub neej nyob mus ib txhis. Rau cov neeg Phoenician, qhov kev siv no yog lub npe zoo ib yam li Aphrodite—tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev hlub thiab kev zoo nkauj.
Cov neeg thaum ub no hais txog tooj liab, ib yam khoom uas cov kab lis kev cai thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau lees paub tias tseem ceeb rau peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv tau ntau tshaj 5,000 xyoo. Thaum cov kab mob khaub thuas, cov kab mob xws li E. coli, cov kab mob loj xws li MRSA, lossis txawm tias coronaviruses tsaws rau ntawm feem ntau cov chaw tawv, lawv tuaj yeem nyob tau txog plaub txog tsib hnub. Tab sis thaum lawv tsaws rau ntawm tooj liab, thiab cov hlau tooj liab xws li tooj dag, lawv pib tuag hauv ob peb feeb thiab tsis pom hauv ob peb teev.
"Peb tau pom cov kab mob sib kis," Bill Keevil, tus xibfwb qhia txog kev kho mob ib puag ncig ntawm University of Southampton hais. "Lawv tsaws rau ntawm tooj liab thiab nws tsuas yog ua rau lawv puas tsuaj." Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob tias hauv Is Nrias teb, tib neeg tau haus dej los ntawm cov khob tooj liab rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Txawm tias nyob ntawm no hauv Tebchaws Meskas, cov kab tooj liab coj koj cov dej haus los. Tooj liab yog cov khoom siv ntuj, tsis muaj zog, thiab tua kab mob. Nws tuaj yeem tua nws tus kheej yam tsis tas yuav siv hluav taws xob lossis tshuaj dawb.
Tooj liab tau nrov heev thaum lub sijhawm Kev Hloov Pauv Lag Luam ua cov khoom siv rau cov khoom, cov khoom siv, thiab cov tsev. Tooj liab tseem siv dav hauv cov tes hauj lwm fais fab - qhov tseeb, kev lag luam tooj liab tab tom loj hlob vim tias cov khoom siv yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo. Tab sis cov khoom siv tau raug thawb tawm ntawm ntau daim ntawv thov kev tsim kho los ntawm nthwv dej ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Yas, iav tempered, txhuas, thiab stainless hlau yog cov khoom siv niaj hnub - siv rau txhua yam los ntawm architecture mus rau Apple cov khoom. Cov pob qhov rooj tooj liab thiab cov tes tuav tau tawm ntawm cov qauv thaum cov kws kes duab vajtse thiab cov neeg tsim qauv xaiv cov khoom siv zoo nkauj dua (thiab feem ntau pheej yig dua).
Tam sim no Keevil ntseeg tias nws yog lub sijhawm los coj tooj liab rov qab los rau hauv cov chaw pej xeem, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tsev kho mob. Thaum ntsib lub neej yav tom ntej uas tsis zam tau uas muaj kev sib kis thoob ntiaj teb, peb yuav tsum siv tooj liab hauv kev kho mob, kev thauj mus los rau pej xeem, thiab txawm tias peb lub tsev. Thiab thaum nws lig dhau los tiv thaiv COVID-19, nws tsis ntxov dhau los xav txog peb qhov kev sib kis tom ntej. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tooj liab, ntsuas.
Peb yuav tsum tau pom nws los, thiab qhov tseeb, ib tug neeg tau pom.
Xyoo 1983, tus kws tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob Phyllis J. Kuhn tau sau thawj qhov kev thuam txog qhov ploj ntawm tooj liab uas nws tau pom hauv tsev kho mob. Thaum lub sijhawm cob qhia txog kev huv ntawm Hamot Medical center hauv Pittsburgh, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau so ntau qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig tsev kho mob, suav nrog cov tais diav thiab cov qhov rooj. Nws pom tias cov chav dej huv si tsis muaj cov kab mob me me, thaum qee qhov khoom siv tau qias neeg heev thiab loj hlob cov kab mob txaus ntshai thaum tso cai rau cov phaj agar.
"Cov qhov rooj hlau stainless hlau ci ntsa iab thiab cov phaj thawb zoo li huv si ntawm lub qhov rooj tsev kho mob. Los ntawm qhov sib piv, cov qhov rooj hlau stainless hlau thiab cov phaj thawb ua los ntawm tooj dag uas muaj xim av zoo li qias neeg thiab ua rau muaj kuab paug," nws sau thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. "Tab sis txawm tias thaum muaj xim av, tooj dag - ib qho hlau feem ntau yog 67% tooj liab thiab 33% zinc - [tua cov kab mob], thaum hlau stainless hlau - kwv yees li 88% hlau thiab 12% chromium - ua me ntsis los cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob."
Thaum kawg, nws xaus nws daim ntawv nrog ib qho xaus yooj yim txaus rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev kho mob ua raws. "Yog tias koj lub tsev kho mob tab tom kho dua tshiab, sim khaws cov khoom siv tooj dag qub lossis rov ua dua; yog tias koj muaj cov khoom siv hlau tsis xeb, xyuas kom tseeb tias nws tau ntxuav txhua hnub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw kho mob hnyav."
Ntau xyoo tom qab, thiab lees paub tias nrog kev pab nyiaj los ntawm Copper Development Association (ib pawg lag luam tooj liab), Keevil tau thawb Kuhn txoj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv. Ua haujlwm hauv nws lub chaw kuaj mob nrog qee tus kab mob txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nws tau ua pov thawj tias tsis yog tooj liab tua cov kab mob zoo xwb; nws kuj tua cov kab mob.
Hauv Keevil txoj haujlwm, nws muab ib lub phaj tooj liab tso rau hauv cawv kom tua kab mob. Tom qab ntawd nws muab nws tso rau hauv acetone kom tshem tawm cov roj sab nraud. Tom qab ntawd nws muab me ntsis ntawm cov kab mob tso rau saum npoo. Hauv ob peb feeb nws qhuav. Cov qauv nyob rau txhua qhov chaw txij li ob peb feeb mus rau ob peb hnub. Tom qab ntawd nws co nws hauv lub thawv puv nrog cov hlaws iav thiab cov kua. Cov hlaws khawb cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob rau hauv cov kua, thiab cov kua tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas kom pom lawv muaj. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, nws tau tsim cov txheej txheem microscopy uas tso cai rau nws saib - thiab sau - tus kab mob raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tooj liab thaum nws ntaus rau saum npoo.
Nws hais tias qhov cuam tshuam zoo li khawv koob, tab sis tam sim no, qhov xwm txheej uas ua si yog kev tshawb fawb uas nkag siab zoo. Thaum tus kab mob lossis cov kab mob ntaus lub phaj, nws puv nrog cov ions tooj liab. Cov ions ntawd nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb thiab cov kab mob zoo li mos txwv. Tooj liab tsis yog tua cov kab mob no xwb; nws rhuav tshem lawv, txoj cai mus rau cov nucleic acids, lossis cov phiaj xwm yug me nyuam, sab hauv.
"Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev hloov pauv [lossis kev hloov pauv] vim tias tag nrho cov noob caj noob ces raug rhuav tshem," Keevil hais. "Qhov ntawd yog ib qho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tiag tiag ntawm tooj liab." Hauv lwm lo lus, kev siv tooj liab tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm, piv txwv li, kev sau tshuaj tua kab mob ntau dhau. Nws tsuas yog ib lub tswv yim zoo xwb.
Hauv kev sim hauv ntiaj teb tiag tiag, tooj liab ua pov thawj nws qhov tseem ceeb Sab nraum chav kuaj, lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau taug qab seb tooj liab puas ua qhov sib txawv thaum siv rau hauv cov ntsiab lus kho mob tiag tiag - uas suav nrog lub qhov rooj hauv tsev kho mob rau qee yam, tab sis kuj tseem muaj qhov chaw zoo li txaj pw hauv tsev kho mob, lub rooj zaum qhua, thiab txawm tias IV sawv. Xyoo 2015, cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm rau Department of Defense nyiaj pab piv rau cov nqi kis kab mob ntawm peb lub tsev kho mob, thiab pom tias thaum cov hlau tooj liab tau siv hauv peb lub tsev kho mob, nws txo cov nqi kis kab mob los ntawm 58%. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws tau ua tiav hauv xyoo 2016 hauv chav saib xyuas menyuam yaus, uas tau teev tseg qhov kev txo qis zoo sib xws hauv tus nqi kis kab mob.
Tiam sis tus nqi ne? Tooj yeej ib txwm kim dua yas lossis txhuas, thiab feem ntau kim dua hlau. Tiam sis vim tias cov kab mob hauv tsev kho mob ua rau lub tsev kho mob raug nqi txog li $ 45 billion ib xyoos - tsis hais txog kev tua neeg txog li 90,000 tus neeg - tus nqi txhim kho tooj tsis tseem ceeb los ntawm kev sib piv.
Keevil, tus uas tsis tau txais nyiaj los ntawm kev lag luam tooj liab lawm, ntseeg tias lub luag haujlwm poob rau cov kws kes duab vajtse xaiv tooj liab hauv cov haujlwm tsim kho tshiab. Tooj liab yog thawj (thiab txog tam sim no nws yog qhov kawg) cov hlau tiv thaiv kab mob uas EPA pom zoo. (Cov tuam txhab hauv kev lag luam nyiaj tau sim thiab tsis tau hais tias nws yog tshuaj tua kab mob, uas ua rau EPA nplua.) Cov pab pawg lag luam tooj liab tau sau npe ntau dua 400 cov hlau tooj liab nrog EPA txog niaj hnub no. "Peb tau qhia tias tooj liab-nickel zoo ib yam li tooj dag ntawm kev tua cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob," nws hais. Thiab tooj liab nickel tsis tas yuav zoo li lub raj qub; nws tsis sib txawv ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb.
Hais txog lwm lub tsev thoob ntiaj teb uas tsis tau hloov kho kom tshem tawm cov khoom siv tooj liab qub, Keevil muaj ib qho lus qhia: "Tsis txhob tshem lawv, txawm koj ua dab tsi los xij. Cov no yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws uas koj muaj."
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Kaum Ib Hlis-25-2021